Round out referee amounts/colors, and add bilingual (nl/en) news content

Referee display: drop the redundant "External" pill from the PDF form, round
the event/dashboard "due" summary to 2 decimals (a fine-grained km rate like
0.083 was pushing the raw total to 3+ decimals), and theme the PDF's accent
colors off the club's own primary/secondary colors instead of a hardcoded
default.

News: title/body stay the club's own-language (Dutch) text; new optional
title_en/body_en carry a translation, with News.effective_title_en/
effective_body_en resolving the fallback to the original on read rather than
copying it in at save time -- so editing the Dutch text later never leaves a
stale English copy behind, and existing rows get correct fallback behaviour
with no backfill. The news form lays both languages out side by side; the
detail page only shows an English section when one was actually added. The
public API returns both languages in one call (title_nl/body_nl/excerpt_nl
alongside title_en/body_en/excerpt_en, the latter never blank) -- a breaking
rename of the previously-unprefixed title/body/excerpt fields.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

ARCHITECTURE.md

@@ -622,6 +622,8 @@ team-tagged instead of categorised, with a two-step release flow rather than a b
 ```
 news.News(ClubScopedModel)         # -> carries `club`
   title, slug (SlugField, auto from title), body (TextField)
+  title_en    CharField (blank) -- optional English translation of `title`
+  body_en     TextField (blank) -- optional English translation of `body`
   teams       M2M teams.Team (blank -- empty means club-wide)
   visibility  CharField (TextChoices: internal | external | both)
   status      CharField (TextChoices: draft | published)
@@ -665,9 +667,23 @@ home.HomeConfig(ClubScopedModel)   # one row PER CLUB: featured articles/teams,
   club person, not a raw login; `SET_NULL` so deleting a member doesn't erase their posts.
 - `slug`s back clean public URLs and feed `search`; they are **unique per club** (§2.4), so
   two clubs can both have `/news/season-kickoff`. Resolve within the request's club.
-- `visibility` (internal/external/both) is stored and enforced nowhere yet — no
+- `visibility` (internal/external/both) is enforced by the public read-only API
-  member-facing reading page or public API exists. Both are later work; the field is
+  (`news/api.py`, mounted under `api/`) — only `external`/`both` items, published and
-  there so they don't need a backfill when they land.
+  past their release date, are ever returned. No member-facing internal reading page
+  exists yet; that's later work.
+- **`title`/`body` are Dutch (the club's own language, and the only one required);
+  `title_en`/`body_en` are an optional English translation**, both left blank by
+  default. Nothing computes or stores a fallback — `News.effective_title_en` /
+  `effective_body_en` resolve it on read (`title_en or title`), so translating a Dutch
+  edit later never leaves a stale English copy behind, and every existing row gets
+  correct fallback behaviour with no backfill. The public API always returns both
+  languages in one call (`title_nl`/`body_nl`/`excerpt_nl` alongside
+  `title_en`/`body_en`/`excerpt_en`, the latter three via the `effective_*` properties
+  so they're never blank) — no `?lang=` param, the consumer picks what it needs. The
+  control panel's news form lays the two languages out in side-by-side columns
+  (`management/templates/management/news_form.html`); the detail page only shows an
+  "English" section when a translation was actually added, not the fallback-filled
+  text under a second heading.
 - `NewsPhoto.image` / hero images use `ImageField` → **media storage must be configured**
   (§8). If page/news trees grow, consider a tree library later — start flat.
 

api/tests.py

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class NewsApiTests(ApiTestBase):
     def test_excerpt_is_a_truncated_prefix_of_the_body(self):
         self.make_news(body=" ".join(f"word{i}" for i in range(80)))
 
-        excerpt = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["excerpt"]
+        excerpt = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["excerpt_nl"]
 
         self.assertTrue(excerpt.startswith("word0 word1"))
         self.assertTrue(excerpt.endswith("…"))
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class NewsApiTests(ApiTestBase):
     def test_excerpt_is_unchanged_when_the_body_is_already_short(self):
         item = self.make_news(body="Short body.")
 
-        excerpt = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["excerpt"]
+        excerpt = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["excerpt_nl"]
 
         self.assertEqual(excerpt, item.body)
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class NewsApiTests(ApiTestBase):
     def test_body_markdown_is_rendered_to_html(self):
         self.make_news(body="## Big win\n\nWe beat **Rivals FC** 4-2. [Full report](https://example.com).")
 
-        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body"]
+        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body_nl"]
 
         self.assertIn("<h2>Big win</h2>", body)
         self.assertIn("<strong>Rivals FC</strong>", body)
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ class NewsApiTests(ApiTestBase):
     def test_body_markdown_a_single_newline_becomes_a_line_break(self):
         self.make_news(body="Line one\nLine two")
 
-        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body"]
+        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body_nl"]
 
         self.assertIn("Line one<br", body)
 
     def test_body_html_strips_a_script_tag(self):
         self.make_news(body="Hello<script>alert('xss')</script>world")
 
-        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body"]
+        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body_nl"]
 
         self.assertNotIn("<script", body)
         self.assertNotIn("alert(", body)
@@ -169,26 +169,46 @@ class NewsApiTests(ApiTestBase):
     def test_body_html_strips_an_event_handler_attribute(self):
         self.make_news(body='<img src="x" onerror="alert(1)">')
 
-        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body"]
+        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body_nl"]
 
         self.assertNotIn("onerror", body)
 
     def test_body_html_strips_a_javascript_url(self):
         self.make_news(body="[click me](javascript:alert(1))")
 
-        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body"]
+        body = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["body_nl"]
 
         self.assertNotIn("javascript:", body)
 
     def test_excerpt_strips_markdown_syntax(self):
         self.make_news(body="**Bold** and a [link](https://example.com) and # not a heading here")
 
-        excerpt = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["excerpt"]
+        excerpt = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]["excerpt_nl"]
 
         self.assertNotIn("**", excerpt)
         self.assertNotIn("[link]", excerpt)
         self.assertNotIn("<", excerpt)
 
+    def test_english_falls_back_to_the_original_when_not_translated(self):
+        self.make_news(title="Seizoensstart", body="We beginnen het seizoen.")
+
+        result = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]
+
+        self.assertEqual(result["title_en"], "Seizoensstart")
+        self.assertIn("We beginnen het seizoen.", result["body_en"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["excerpt_en"], result["excerpt_nl"])
+
+    def test_english_is_used_when_translated(self):
+        self.make_news(title="Seizoensstart", title_en="Season kickoff", body="We beginnen het seizoen.", body_en="We're starting the season.")
+
+        result = self.api_get("/news/").json()["results"][0]
+
+        self.assertEqual(result["title_nl"], "Seizoensstart")
+        self.assertEqual(result["title_en"], "Season kickoff")
+        self.assertIn("We beginnen het seizoen.", result["body_nl"])
+        self.assertIn("We're starting the season.", result["body_en"])
+        self.assertNotEqual(result["excerpt_en"], result["excerpt_nl"])
+
 
 class TeamsApiTests(ApiTestBase):
     def setUp(self):

management/forms.py

@@ -522,10 +522,11 @@ class NewsForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = News
-        fields = ["title", "teams", "visibility", "body"]
+        fields = ["title", "title_en", "teams", "visibility", "body", "body_en"]
         widgets = {
             "teams": forms.SelectMultiple(attrs={"data-searchable": "true", "data-search-placeholder": _("Type to filter teams...")}),
             "body": forms.Textarea(attrs={"rows": 8}),
+            "body_en": forms.Textarea(attrs={"rows": 8}),
         }
 
     def __init__(self, *args, club=None, **kwargs):

management/templates/management/_referee_assignment_panel.html

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
                 {{ referee.display_name }}
                 {% if referee.is_external %}<span class="badge badge-neutral badge-xs">{% trans "External" %}</span>{% endif %}
                 {% if referee.assigned_by %}<span class="text-xs opacity-60">— {% blocktrans with name=referee.assigned_by %}assigned by {{ name }}{% endblocktrans %}</span>{% endif %}
-                {% if referee.total_payable %}<span class="text-xs opacity-60">— {% blocktrans with total=referee.total_payable %}€{{ total }} due{% endblocktrans %}</span>{% endif %}
+                {% if referee.total_payable %}<span class="text-xs opacity-60">— {% blocktrans with total=referee.total_payable|floatformat:2 %}€{{ total }} due{% endblocktrans %}</span>{% endif %}
             </span>
             {% if can_manage_referees %}
                 <div class="flex gap-1 shrink-0">

management/templates/management/event_referee_form_pdf.html

@@ -24,7 +24,12 @@
                     color: #8a8a8a;
                 }
             }
-            :root { --accent: #3730a3; --accent-soft: #eef0fc; --ink: #16181d; --muted: #6b7280; --line: #d8dae0; }
+            :root {
+                --accent: {{ club.primary_color|default:"#3730a3" }};
+                --accent-secondary: {{ club.secondary_color|default:"#be185d" }};
+                --accent-soft: color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent-secondary) 14%, white);
+                --ink: #16181d; --muted: #6b7280; --line: #d8dae0;
+            }
             * { box-sizing: border-box; }
             body { font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; color: var(--ink); line-height: 1.45; }
 
@@ -51,8 +56,7 @@
             table.fees td { padding: 2.5mm 2mm 2.5mm 0; border-bottom: 0.75pt solid var(--line); vertical-align: top; }
             table.fees td.amount, table.fees th.amount { text-align: right; }
             table.fees tr.empty td { color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; }
-            .badge-external { display: inline-block; font-size: 7pt; color: var(--accent); background: var(--accent-soft); border-radius: 2mm; padding: 0.3mm 1.5mm; margin-left: 1.5mm; }
+            table.fees tr.total td { border-bottom: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid var(--accent); font-weight: 700; padding-top: 3mm; }
-            table.fees tr.total td { border-bottom: none; border-top: 1.5pt solid var(--ink); font-weight: 700; padding-top: 3mm; }
 
             .signatures { display: flex; gap: 8mm; margin-top: 4mm; }
             .sign-box { flex: 1; }
@@ -120,10 +124,7 @@
             <tbody>
                 {% for referee in referees %}
                     <tr>
-                        <td>
+                        <td>{{ referee.display_name }}</td>
-                            {{ referee.display_name }}
-                            {% if referee.is_external %}<span class="badge-external">{% trans "External" %}</span>{% endif %}
-                        </td>
                         <td class="amount">€{{ referee.fee|floatformat:2 }}</td>
                         <td class="amount">{% if referee.km %}{{ referee.km }} km{% else %}—{% endif %}</td>
                         <td class="amount">{% if referee.km %}€{{ referee.km_rate }}{% else %}—{% endif %}</td>

management/templates/management/news_detail.html

@@ -41,6 +41,16 @@
         </div>
     </div>
 
+    {% if news_item.title_en or news_item.body_en %}
+        <div class="card bg-base-100 shadow mt-4">
+            <div class="card-body">
+                <h2 class="card-title text-base">{% trans "English" %}</h2>
+                {% if news_item.title_en %}<p class="font-semibold">{{ news_item.title_en }}</p>{% endif %}
+                {% if news_item.body_en %}<p class="whitespace-pre-line">{{ news_item.body_en }}</p>{% endif %}
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    {% endif %}
+
     <div class="card bg-base-100 shadow mt-4">
         <div class="card-body">
             <div class="flex items-center justify-between">

management/templates/management/news_form.html

@@ -19,10 +19,19 @@
                     <p class="opacity-70 text-sm mb-2">{% trans "Photos can be added once the news item is created." %}</p>
                 {% endif %}
 
-                <div class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4">
+                <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
-                    {% for field in form %}
+                    {% form_field form.title %}
-                        {% form_field field %}
+                    {% form_field form.title_en %}
-                    {% endfor %}
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 mt-4">
+                    {% form_field form.teams %}
+                    {% form_field form.visibility %}
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mt-4">
+                    {% form_field form.body %}
+                    {% form_field form.body_en %}
                 </div>
 
                 <div class="card-actions justify-start pt-2 mt-2">

management/tests.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from allauth.mfa.models import Authenticator
 from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
 from django.core.cache import cache
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
+from django.template.loader import render_to_string
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -2726,6 +2727,44 @@ class NewsManagementTests(ManagementTestBase):
         self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("management:news_detail", args=[item.pk]))
         self.assertEqual(item.status, News.Status.DRAFT)
 
+    def test_an_english_translation_can_be_added_alongside_the_original(self):
+        self.client.force_login(self.make_coach_manager())
+
+        self.club_post(
+            "news_create",
+            {"title": "Seizoensstart", "title_en": "Season kickoff", "body": "We beginnen het seizoen.", "body_en": "We're starting the season.", "visibility": News.Visibility.INTERNAL, "teams": [str(self.team.pk)]},
+        )
+
+        item = News.objects.get(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart")
+        self.assertEqual(item.title_en, "Season kickoff")
+        self.assertEqual(item.body_en, "We're starting the season.")
+
+    def test_the_english_translation_is_optional(self):
+        self.client.force_login(self.make_coach_manager())
+
+        response = self.club_post("news_create", {"title": "Seizoensstart", "body": "We beginnen het seizoen.", "visibility": News.Visibility.INTERNAL, "teams": [str(self.team.pk)]})
+
+        item = News.objects.get(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("management:news_detail", args=[item.pk]))
+        self.assertEqual(item.title_en, "")
+
+    def test_detail_page_shows_the_english_translation_when_set(self):
+        item = News.objects.create(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart", body="We beginnen het seizoen.", title_en="Season kickoff", body_en="We're starting the season.")
+        self.client.force_login(self.admin_user)
+
+        response = self.club_get("news_detail", item.pk)
+
+        self.assertContains(response, "Season kickoff")
+        self.assertContains(response, "We're starting the season.")
+
+    def test_detail_page_hides_the_english_section_when_not_translated(self):
+        item = News.objects.create(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart", body="We beginnen het seizoen.")
+        self.client.force_login(self.admin_user)
+
+        response = self.club_get("news_detail", item.pk)
+
+        self.assertNotContains(response, ">English<")
+
     def test_plain_staff_cannot_create_news(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.make_plain_staff())
 
@@ -4170,6 +4209,18 @@ class EventRefereeManagementTests(ManagementTestBase):
 
         self.assertContains(response, "25.00")
 
+    def test_the_total_due_is_shown_with_at_most_two_decimals(self):
+        # A per-km rate like 0.083 pushes the raw total to 3+ decimals -- the
+        # "due" summary must still round to money-style 2.
+        game = self.make_game()
+        EventReferee.objects.create(event=game, member=self.referee, assigned_by=self.admin_member, fee=Decimal("25.00"), km=Decimal("40"), km_rate=Decimal("0.083"))
+        self.client.force_login(self.admin_user)
+
+        response = self.club_get("event_detail", game.pk)
+
+        self.assertContains(response, "28.32 due")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "28.320")
+
     def test_a_coach_gets_403_setting_a_fee(self):
         game = self.make_game()
         assignment = EventReferee.objects.create(event=game, member=self.referee, assigned_by=self.admin_member)
@@ -4234,6 +4285,56 @@ class EventRefereeFormPdfTests(ManagementTestBase):
         self.assertEqual(context["home_location"], self.home_ground)
         self.assertEqual(list(context["referees"]), [EventReferee.objects.get(event=game)])
 
+    def test_the_grand_total_sums_every_referees_total_payable(self):
+        game = self.make_game()
+        other_referee = Member.objects.create(first_name="Other", last_name="Ref")
+        ClubMembership.objects.create(club=self.club, member=other_referee, season=self.season, status=ClubMembership.StatusChoices.ACTIVE)
+        EventReferee.objects.create(event=game, member=self.referee, assigned_by=self.admin_member, fee=Decimal("25.00"), km=Decimal("40"), km_rate=Decimal("0.083"))
+        EventReferee.objects.create(event=game, member=other_referee, assigned_by=self.admin_member, fee=Decimal("20.00"))
+        self.client.force_login(self.admin_user)
+
+        with mock.patch("management.views.event_referee_form_pdf", return_value=b"%PDF-fake") as renderer:
+            self.club_get("event_referee_form_pdf", game.pk)
+
+        self.assertEqual(renderer.call_args[0][0]["grand_total"], Decimal("48.320"))
+
+    def test_the_external_referee_pill_is_not_rendered(self):
+        game = self.make_game()
+        EventReferee.objects.create(event=game, external_name="Guest Referee", assigned_by=self.admin_member)
+
+        html = render_to_string("management/event_referee_form_pdf.html", {"club": self.club, "event": game, "referees": list(game.referees.all()), "home_location": self.home_ground, "grand_total": Decimal("0")})
+
+        self.assertIn("Guest Referee", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("External", html)
+
+    def test_amounts_render_with_at_most_two_decimals(self):
+        game = self.make_game()
+        EventReferee.objects.create(event=game, member=self.referee, assigned_by=self.admin_member, fee=Decimal("25.00"), km=Decimal("40"), km_rate=Decimal("0.083"))
+
+        html = render_to_string("management/event_referee_form_pdf.html", {"club": self.club, "event": game, "referees": list(game.referees.all()), "home_location": self.home_ground, "grand_total": Decimal("28.320")})
+
+        self.assertIn("€28.32<", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("28.320", html)
+
+    def test_the_pdf_uses_the_clubs_colours_when_set(self):
+        self.club.primary_color = "#0f766e"
+        self.club.secondary_color = "#f59e0b"
+        self.club.save(update_fields=["primary_color", "secondary_color"])
+        game = self.make_game()
+
+        html = render_to_string("management/event_referee_form_pdf.html", {"club": self.club, "event": game, "referees": [], "home_location": self.home_ground, "grand_total": Decimal("0")})
+
+        self.assertIn("--accent: #0f766e", html)
+        self.assertIn("--accent-secondary: #f59e0b", html)
+
+    def test_the_pdf_falls_back_to_default_colours_when_unset(self):
+        game = self.make_game()
+
+        html = render_to_string("management/event_referee_form_pdf.html", {"club": self.club, "event": game, "referees": [], "home_location": self.home_ground, "grand_total": Decimal("0")})
+
+        self.assertIn("--accent: #3730a3", html)
+        self.assertIn("--accent-secondary: #be185d", html)
+
     def test_a_missing_pdf_library_is_reported_rather_than_a_500(self):
         game = self.make_game()
         self.client.force_login(self.admin_user)

news/admin.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class NewsPhotoInline(admin.TabularInline):
 class NewsAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_display = ["title", "club", "status", "visibility", "created_by"]
     list_filter = ["club", "status", "visibility"]
-    search_fields = ["title"]
+    search_fields = ["title", "title_en"]
     raw_id_fields = ["created_by"]
     inlines = [NewsPhotoInline]
 

news/api.py

@@ -37,11 +37,21 @@ class NewsPhotoOut(Schema):
 
 
 class NewsItemOut(Schema):
+    """Both languages come back in one object -- title_nl/body_nl/excerpt_nl are
+    the club's own-language text as authored; title_en/body_en/excerpt_en are the
+    English text, falling back to the nl content when no translation was added
+    (News.effective_title_en/effective_body_en) -- so these three are never blank,
+    even for a news item nobody has translated yet. The consumer picks whichever
+    it needs."""
+
     id: uuid.UUID
-    title: str
+    title_nl: str
+    title_en: str
     slug: str
-    excerpt: str
+    excerpt_nl: str
-    body: str
+    excerpt_en: str
+    body_nl: str
+    body_en: str
     published_at: datetime
     teams: list[str]
     photos: list[NewsPhotoOut]
@@ -66,10 +76,13 @@ def _visible_news(club):
 def _to_news_item_out(item, request) -> NewsItemOut:
     return NewsItemOut(
         id=item.pk,
-        title=item.title,
+        title_nl=item.title,
+        title_en=item.effective_title_en,
         slug=item.slug,
-        excerpt=render_body_excerpt(item.body, words=EXCERPT_WORDS),
+        excerpt_nl=render_body_excerpt(item.body, words=EXCERPT_WORDS),
-        body=render_body_html(item.body),
+        excerpt_en=render_body_excerpt(item.effective_body_en, words=EXCERPT_WORDS),
+        body_nl=render_body_html(item.body),
+        body_en=render_body_html(item.effective_body_en),
         published_at=item.published_at,
         teams=[team.name for team in item.teams.all()],
         photos=[NewsPhotoOut(url=request.build_absolute_uri(photo.image.url), is_main=photo.is_main, ordering=photo.ordering) for photo in item.photos.all()],

news/migrations/0004_news_body_en_news_title_en.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Generated by Django 6.0.6 on 2026-08-10 18:31
+
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    dependencies = [
+        ('news', '0003_alter_news_body'),
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.AddField(
+            model_name='news',
+            name='body_en',
+            field=models.TextField(blank=True, help_text='Optional. Supports the same Markdown as the body above. Falls back to the body above when left blank.', verbose_name='body (English)'),
+        ),
+        migrations.AddField(
+            model_name='news',
+            name='title_en',
+            field=models.CharField(blank=True, help_text='Optional. Falls back to the title above when left blank.', max_length=255, verbose_name='title (English)'),
+        ),
+    ]

news/models.py

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ class News(ClubScopedModel):
             "shown as plain text here in the control panel."
         ),
     )
+
+    title_en = models.CharField(_("title (English)"), max_length=255, blank=True, help_text=_("Optional. Falls back to the title above when left blank."))
+    body_en = models.TextField(_("body (English)"), blank=True, help_text=_("Optional. Supports the same Markdown as the body above. Falls back to the body above when left blank."))
+
     teams = models.ManyToManyField(Team, related_name="news_items", blank=True, verbose_name=_("teams"), help_text=_("Leave empty for club-wide news."))
 
     visibility = models.CharField(_("visibility"), max_length=10, choices=Visibility.choices, default=Visibility.INTERNAL)
@@ -61,6 +65,19 @@ class News(ClubScopedModel):
         self.status, self.published_at = self.Status.DRAFT, None
         self.save(update_fields=["status", "published_at"])
 
+    @property
+    def effective_title_en(self) -> str:
+        """The English title to show -- `title_en` when the editor set one,
+        else the Dutch `title`. Computed on read rather than copied into
+        `title_en` at save time, so editing the Dutch title later keeps this
+        current instead of leaving a stale English copy behind."""
+        return self.title_en or self.title
+
+    @property
+    def effective_body_en(self) -> str:
+        """See `effective_title_en` -- same fallback, for the body."""
+        return self.body_en or self.body
+
     @property
     def is_scheduled(self):
         """PUBLISHED (past the editor's release gate) but its publish date hasn't

news/tests.py

@@ -73,6 +73,29 @@ class NewsModelTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(item.status, News.Status.DRAFT)
         self.assertIsNone(item.published_at)
 
+    def test_effective_english_falls_back_to_the_original_when_blank(self):
+        item = News.objects.create(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart", body="We beginnen het seizoen.")
+
+        self.assertEqual(item.effective_title_en, "Seizoensstart")
+        self.assertEqual(item.effective_body_en, "We beginnen het seizoen.")
+
+    def test_effective_english_uses_its_own_text_when_set(self):
+        item = News.objects.create(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart", body="We beginnen het seizoen.", title_en="Season kickoff", body_en="We're starting the season.")
+
+        self.assertEqual(item.effective_title_en, "Season kickoff")
+        self.assertEqual(item.effective_body_en, "We're starting the season.")
+
+    def test_effective_english_stays_current_after_the_original_changes(self):
+        # Read-time fallback, not copy-on-save: editing the Dutch text later must
+        # not leave a stale English "copy" behind.
+        item = News.objects.create(club=self.club, title="Seizoensstart", body="We beginnen het seizoen.")
+
+        item.title, item.body = "Nieuwe titel", "Nieuwe tekst."
+        item.save(update_fields=["title", "body"])
+
+        self.assertEqual(item.effective_title_en, "Nieuwe titel")
+        self.assertEqual(item.effective_body_en, "Nieuwe tekst.")
+
 
 class NewsPhotoModelTests(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):