Rework platform billing: per-plan clocks, grace from period start

Implements BILLING.md. The architecture was sound -- snapshot-on-Due,
dated prices, asymmetric dry-run commands are all kept -- so this
fixes the three hardcoded assumptions rather than rewriting.

The real defect: grace ran from period_END, so an annual club used
the whole unpaid year plus 45 days (~410 days) before anything
switched it off. Grace now runs from the period START, and every
clock is per-plan.

- Tier -> Plan (+ TierPrice -> PlanPrice, and every FK). Migration
  0004 is hand-written: run non-interactively, makemigrations emits
  DeleteModel+CreateModel and drops every price, subscription and
  due. Its two RemoveConstraints must come first, or SQLite's
  table-rebuild tries to render a constraint over a just-renamed
  column. Verified by round-tripping real rows through it.
- Plan gains duration_months / renewal_lead_days / grace_days /
  is_trial, with CheckConstraints and a matching clean() so the form
  reports an impossible plan instead of 500ing on IntegrityError.
- Existing dues keep their stored grace_until. Re-deriving it would
  put the date in the past for every open annual period and archive
  the entire paying customer base on the next --commit run.
- Trials take their length from the trial plan's own duration_months;
  start_trial() loses its trial_months argument.
- New BillingNotice service drives a club-facing warning: every level
  on the dashboard, and on every management page once urgent.
- send_billing_reminders emails club admins, once per escalation
  level so a daily cron is not a daily email. SMTP settings are
  env-driven and provider-agnostic; the backend defaults to console.
- Paying does not auto-restore an archived club -- the control panel
  surfaces a Reactivate prompt instead, since a club can also be
  archived by hand.

controlpanel/services/statistics.py

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def clubs_with_health(queryset=None, today=None, now=None):
             team_count=_subquery(Team.objects.all(), Count("pk"), IntegerField()),
             teams_managed=_subquery(Team.objects.filter(managed_this_season), Count("pk", distinct=True), IntegerField()),
             admin_count=_subquery(ClubRole.objects.filter(role=ClubRole.Roles.ADMIN), Count("pk"), IntegerField()),
-            tier_name=Subquery(Subscription.objects.filter(club=OuterRef("pk")).values("tier__name")[:1]),
+            plan_name=Subquery(Subscription.objects.filter(club=OuterRef("pk")).values("plan__name")[:1]),
             dues_owed=_subquery(Due.objects.filter(status__in=Due.OWING), Sum(F("amount") - F("amount_paid")), DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)),
             dues_grace_until=Subquery(Due.objects.filter(club=OuterRef("pk"), status__in=Due.OWING).order_by("grace_until").values("grace_until")[:1]),
             dues_period_end=Subquery(Due.objects.filter(club=OuterRef("pk"), status__in=Due.OWING).order_by("period_end").values("period_end")[:1]),